本帖最后由 马鑫 于 2011-7-8 01:24 编辑
(6)译成表示“结果”的分句
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。
他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
(7译成表示“转折”的分句
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。
她对孩子们很有耐心,而她丈夫却很少这样。
三、副词性从句(状语从句)的译法
英语中状语从句体现了从句和主句之间的逻辑关系,它具体可以分为9种:时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、结果、目的、比较和方式状语。其中,状语从句的翻译方法,总的来说遵循三点主要原则:
①连词能省则省,只要能把意思说清楚,尽量不使用连词。
②如果条件或让步状语从句在整句中语气较弱,可以把主句译在前面,从句译在后面。
③状语从句的位置可以灵活变动,以便使译文更流畅。
④种类的判断主要依赖于连词语义的判断。
下面,我们就通过几个例子分析一下状语从句在考试中出现的形式。
1. While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development。
本句中包含一个While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,formal learning是主语,谓语是is transmitted,过去分词selected作teachers的后置定语,是不定式to perform this role作selected的目的状语;主句中,informal learning是主语,谓语是is acquired,介词短语as a natural part of a child's development作acquired的结果状语。
参考译文:尽管正式的学习过程是由挑选出来担当此角色的教师来进行的,非正式的学习过程却是作为孩子成长的自然一部分而完成的。
2. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is。
该句可拆分为三大部分;(White it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, ) (it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable,) (although competition is. ),第一部分是While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句,第三部分是although引导的让步状语从句;第一部分的主语是山指代后面的that从句,实际上,While it is true that已形成固定结构,参见知识链接,that从句的主语是this competition,谓语是may induce,宾语是efforts,不定式to expand territory作efforts的后置定语,at the expense of others作expand的状语;and之后的lead to是谓语,与前面的induce并列,conflict是宾语;主句中的主语是it,指代后面的that从句,该从句的主语是conflict,谓语动词是is,表语是inevitable,复合形容词war-like作conflict的定语,among other nations作conflict的后置定语;第三部分although从句的主语是competition,谓语是is,表语是inevitable,承前省略了。该句的第二部分,即主句运用了被动语态,在翻译时要译为汉语的主动语态,这是常用的一条原则,因为英文多被动,汉语多主动。
参考译文:虽然这种竞争会引发以他人利益为代价的领土扩张行动,因此也会引发冲突,但却不能认为类似于战争的国家间的冲突不可避免,尽管竞争是不可避免的。
3. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case。
该句可拆分为两部分:(While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed,) (this need not always be the case. ),第一部分是While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,it是形式主语,指代后面的that从句,While it is true that已形成固定结构,参见知识链接,that从句主语是the Internet,谓语是seems,不定式to be。作表语,介词短语over the less developed作favoring的状语;主句比较简单,主语是this,指代从句内容,谓语是need not always be,表语是the case。
参考译文: 尽管迄今为止互联网似乎更加青睐国际社会中的发达领域,而非不太发达的领域,情形并不总是如此。
4.There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,however lucky and robust we are。
该句分为两部分:(There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, ) (however lucky and robust we are。),第一部分是主句,第二部分是however引导的让步状语从句;主句中on...alive是介词短语,作limit的后置定语,how引导的从句是介词on的宾语,该从句的主语是we,谓语是can hope to remain,表语是alive;让步状语从句的主语是we,谓语是are,表语是lucky and robust。这句话翻译时也要将从句提前,然后再译主句。
参考译文:不管我们多么幸运,多么健壮,我们所希望的长寿年龄实际上是有限度的。
5. While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon。
该句可拆分为两部分:(While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization,) (its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. ),第一部分是以While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,主语是the roots,谓语是lie in,of social psychology是roots的后置定语,the intellectual...western civilization是介词in的宾语,of the whole western civilization是soil 的后置定语;主句的主语是its present flowering,其中的its指代前面的roots,谓语是is recognized,不定式to be...an American phenomenon作主语flowering的补足语。
2001年英译汉试题: 75. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
词的处理:
home appliance 家用电器;result in 导致;psychological disorder 心理混乱;kitchen rage 厨房狂躁症
完整译文:家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病-厨房狂躁症。
2004年英译汉试题: 63. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
完整译文:这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造材料。
1998年英译汉试题: 75. Odd though it sounds, cosmic infaltion is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
词的处理:
cosmic infaltion 宇宙膨胀说;scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论;elementary particle physics 基本粒子物理学
完整译文:宇宙膨胀理论虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直以为这一论述是正确的。
四、翻译中的"否定"处理
否定是英汉两种语言都具有的一种语法现象,但两者在表达否定意义的方式和手段上有很大的差异。英语中的否定形式很多,常见的有:(1)全部否定;(2)部分否定;(3)双重否定;(4)形式上肯定,实际上否定;(5)形式上否定,实际上肯定;(6)否定转移;(7)排除否定;(8)固定句型结构;等等。英译汉时,对于英语中的否定结构,要从否定词本身的意义、否定词的否定范围、具体的语境等方面予以综合考虑,否则可能造成误解和句意翻译的错误。此外,对于某些否定结构,还可以使用正义反译或反义正译的方法予以处理。
【例1】 Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus. (全部否定)
【译文】就目前的情况来看,很难把实际的科学研究和技术分开,因为科学已经非常依赖技术来获得材料和仪器。
【分析】本句是全部否定。Nor, neither, never等词由于句首要倒装,且表示对全句的全部否定,翻译时将否定移回原位。本句中主句是被动语态,译成主动语态;定语从句很长,而且与原句具有某种因果关系,所以单独翻译;depend on的on被提前。
【例2】 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. (部分否定)
【译文】并不是所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都化合为碳水化合物。
【分析】本句是部分否定句。英语中,有些句型,比如:all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等,都是表示部分否定,可以翻译成"并不都......"。但是,需要注意no, none, neither, nor引导的是全部否定。例如:No two people think alike. (没有两个人的想法是一样的。)
【例3】 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. (双重否定)
【译文】它的意义和重要性, 不管无论如何强调,都不算过分。
【分析】本句是双重否定句。英语中,两个表示否定意义的词用在同一句话中,实际上整句话表肯定。此外,还有一些固定的句型,比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+动词(无论怎么......也不过分......), only too...to (非常),cannot but(不会不,一定会)等表示肯定。比如:We are only too willing to do it for you. (我们非常愿意为你做这件事。)
【例4】Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. (形肯实否)
【译文】我们最缺少时间,但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。
【例5】 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. (形否实肯)
【译文】他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
【例6】 Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. (否定转移)
【译文】不要因为时间紧张就敷衍塞责。
【分析】否定转移是指形式上看起来是否定某个词语或主句,但实际上是否定另外的词语或从句。最常见的是"主语 + don't think + 从句 (否定从句)","not...because / because of...(否定because / because of )"等。对于否定转移,翻译时要把否定转回原位。本句中,not否定的是because从句,所以翻译时要把not还原到because从句上。
【例7】 As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in. (排除否定)
【译文】因为他们估计离开轮船只有几个小时,所以只带了一顿饭的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只带了一顿饭的食物,除了身上穿的之外,没有多带衣服。
【分析】本句是排除否定。所谓排除否定,就是指该句中有一部分是否定,有一部分是肯定。通常地,会用一些介词或连词等来排除掉其所引导或连接的部分。常见的引导词有:beyond (除了)、other than(除了)、except (除了)、nothing more than (仅仅)等。该句中是用beyond引导的排除否定,排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的双重否定表肯定。 |