考研英语中That引导的定语从句小结

马鑫

1. 关系代词that引导的定语从句，that指人或指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语。多数情况下，可与which互换。

　　【真题例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.（2001完形）

　　【结构分析】本句主干为Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…；其中bill由that引导的定语从句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity…修饰，在从句中，that指代先行词bill作主语。观察连词and，可确定此从句中并列两个谓语will propose和will control。其中control的宾语the amount of publicity后又跟一个that引导的定语从句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被动语态，that指代先行词publicity作主语。句首的介词短语In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的状语。

　　【参考译文】为了有效地加强对新闻界的法律监控，大法官欧文勋爵将引入一项草案。这项草案将提出付款给证人是非法的，并且要严格控制审判前对案件的曝光。

　　2. 注意：只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况：

　　（1）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which；

　　（2）不定代词如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which；

　　（3） 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that；

　　（4）先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that；

　　（5）先行词既有人，又有物时。

　　【真题例句】To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."（2003阅读2）

　　【结构分析】本句的直接引语中，主干为一个主系表结构all is that…，其中主语all由that引导的定语从句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修饰，关系代词that指代先行词all在从句中作主语。表语由that引导的名词性从句that good people do nothing充当。

　　【参考译文】用18世纪政治家埃德蒙?柏克的话说："一个被误导的事业如果能成功,它唯一需要的就是好人无所作为"。

　　【真题例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001阅读1)

　　【结构分析】本句的主干是一个完成时的主系表结构The overall result has been… for amateurs，表语由不定式短语to make…harder（使……更难）充当。名词短语a result that…是主干中主语result的同位语，作用是对其进行补充说明。在此名词短语中，关系代词that引导定语从句that has been reinforced by…修饰先行词result，that在从句中代替result作主语，从句的谓语使用了被动语态。

　　【参考译文】总体结果是，业余人员在专业地质学刊物上发表论文更难了，这种结果又由于审稿的广泛引入而变得更糟--19世纪由国家级杂志评审， 20世纪由一些地方地质学杂志评审。