语气概述

张文

语气及其种类
1)语气(mood)语气是一种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2)语气的种类语气可分为下列三种：
a)直陈语气(indicative mood)表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。如：
There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 Jinzhou is famous for its apples.锦州以产苹果闻名。
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.张思德同志对党怀有深厚的爱。
b)祈使语气(imperative mood)表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。如： Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把练习本带来。 Make yourself at home.请随便，不要客气。 Don't move! 不许动!
Don't be late.不要迟到。 Be quiet! 请安静!
c) 虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood)。 [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 A  虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。如：
If I were not so busy，I would go with you.假如我不太忙，我会和你一起去。(表示假设)
I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在这儿就好了，他会知道怎样把机器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建议我们都去看电影。(表示建议)

张文

虚拟语气的动词形式
比较特殊，共有下列七种：
1)动词原形(用于一切人称和数)
2)动词的过去式(用于一切人称和数，be的过去式用were) 3) had + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数) 4) should + 动词原形(用于一切人称和数)
5) should have + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数)
6) should (第一人称)，Would(第二、三人称) + 动词原形
7) should(第一人称)，Would(第二、三人称) + have + 过去分词
[注]上述某些动词形式和直陈语气的某些动词形式相同，但它们的用法及其所表示的时间概念则完全两样，二者切不可混淆。
虚拟语气常用在表示条件的从句和表示结果的主句中。 虚拟语气在条件从句和结果主句中的用法 1)表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果，：如：
If I Were you， I should go and see the dentist at once. 假如我是你的话，我会马上去看牙科医生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假如没有引力，我们就不能行走。
If they had time，they would study Italian too. 假如他们有时间的话，他们也会学意大利语的。
If She knew German，She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德语，她就会读马克思和恩格斯的原著了。
He would tell me if he knew， but he does not，know anything about it. 假如他知道的话，他会告诉我的，但是他一点也不知道。
2)表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果。如：
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要来，我会去车站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.要是你早来几分钟的话，你就见到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.她要是对自己要求不严格，她就不会有这样大的进步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned. 假如这孩子掉到冰窑里，他定会淹死了。
3)表示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。其用法和表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果相同。如：
If it Were Sunday tomorrow，my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天，我弟弟会去北海公园滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass，it would break.你如将杯子掉下来，它就会打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? －It Would burn.
我若把纸放在火上会怎么样?--纸就会烧着。
[注]在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，亦可用were to + 动词原形(比较正式，常用于书面体中)和should + 动词原形。如：
If you were to come tomorrow，I might have time to see you.你如果明天来的话，我或许会有时间见你。
If I were to see her tomorrow，I would tell her about your decisions. 我明天如见到她，就把你的决定告诉她。
If it should rain tomorrow，what would we do?明天万一下雨，我们怎么办?
If you should meet George，tell him I want to see him.你如见到乔治，告诉他我要见他。