不能变被动语态的主动句

何航

在学过被动语态并做了些主动语态变被动语态的练习后, 可能会这样认为, 凡是有动宾结构的主动句都可变为被动句, 其实不然。本文拟对不能变为被动句的主动句作一简单的归纳和说明, 供同行们教学时参考。一、某些表示状态的及物动词作句子的谓语时, 主动句不能变被动语态。这类动词可分为:
1、表示“拥有”意义的动词。例如:
She has good health. 她身体很好。
Our school has fifty computers. 我们学校有五十台电脑。
He owns a new car. 他有一辆新轿车。
2、表示“容纳”意义的动词。例如:
The hall can hold two thousand people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。
The box contains soap. 这个盒子装有肥皂。
3、表示“适合”意义的动词。例如:
This shirt suits you. 你穿这件衬衣很合适。
Does this new dress become me? 这件新衣我穿合身吗?
These shoes fit me perfectly. 这双鞋我穿正合适。
4、表示“知道”、“明白”意义的动词。例如:
I don''t know his name. 我不知道他的名字。
Do you get what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗?
I don''t quite take you. Could you say it again? 我不明白你的话, 请再说一遍好吗?
5、表示“缺少”意义的动词。例如:
They lack experience. 他们缺少经验。
The train wants customers. 火车的乘客不满员。
6、还有动词fail, last, cost, like, wish等表示状态的及物动词的主动句也不能变为被动语态。例如:
The war lasted four years. 那场战争持续了四年。
The book cost me five yuan. 那本书花了我五元钱。
Words failed him. 他激动得说不出话来。
二、动词leave, enter, join, reach等的宾语表示“处所”、“地点”、“组织”时, 主动句不能变为被动语态。例如:
The studentsentered the classroom one by one. 学生们陆续地进了教室。
My father joined the Party ten years ago. 我父亲十年前入党。
He left his hometown five years ago. 他五年前离开了家乡。
三、宾语是反身代词、抽象名词或相互代词等的主动句不能变为被动语态。例如:
He taught himself English. 他自学英语。
He showed special interest in science. 他对科学特别感兴趣。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
We learned from one another in our studies. 我们在学习上互相学习。
四、当宾语起状语的作用, 表示行为、方式、状态或数量、重量、大小、程度时, 主动句不能变为被动语态。例如:
We do our bestto speak more English. 我们尽力多说英语。
They smiled their thanks. 他们微笑表示感谢。
He ran ten miles without a rest. 他跑了十英里而没休息。
五、当宾语是动词的同源宾语时, 主动句不能变为被动语态。例如:
We are living a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。
He died a glorious death. 他死得光荣。
六、某些由“动词＋介词”构成的短语动词不能变为被动语态。例如:
I can''t agree with you. 我不能同意你的意见。
Victory belongs to us. 胜利属于我们。
Nothing has happened to him. 他平安无事。
七、某些“动词＋名词”构成的短语不能变为被动语态。例如:
They set sail for Shanghai yesterday. 他们昨天出航去上海。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
八、主动句的宾语是无所指的it时, 不能变为被动语态。例如:
The train had left. They had to foot it home. 火车开走了, 他们只好步行回家。
We will fight it out together. 我们将一同战斗到底。
九、主动句的宾语前有指主语的物主代词时, 不能变为被动语态。例如:
The man cut his finger. 那个人割破了手指。
He held his tongue when his father asked him. 父亲问他时, 他默不作声。
He put his hand on his chest and began to cough. 他把手放在胸上, 开始咳嗽。