指示代词概说

张文

表示"这个"、"那个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。 指示代词有：this这个，that那个，these这些，those那些，it那个，这个，Such如此的，如此的事物，same同样的，同样的事物。
指示代词this，these，that，those在句中的功用
指示代词this，these，that，those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词，可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如：
This is a plane，这是一架飞机。(作主语)
Oh，it's not that.噢，问题不在那儿。(作表语) How do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?(作宾语)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。(作定语)
指示代词ins，these，that， those的其它用法 1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物，that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如：
This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰刀，那是一把斧子。 These days are cold.这些天很冷。

张文

In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里，穷人生活很苦。
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则指下面将要讲到的事物。如：
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我伤风很厉害，所以我没有来。
Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。
What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要说的是：语音在英语学习中非常重要。
chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words："A great life A glorious death"毛主席用下面的话表彰刘胡兰："生的伟大，死的光荣。"
3)有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that或those代替。如： The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.这个县1987年的粮食产量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those代替television sets)
4)This和that有时作状语用，表示"程度"，意谓"这么"和"那么"。如： The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。 I don't want that much.我不要那么多。
It指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词it在汉语中不必译出。 如：
Who is it?――it's me.是谁?--是我。
Oh, it's you，Lao Wang.哦，是你呀，老王。
Such和same也是指示代词，其单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作： 1)定语
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.我们谈的不是一回事。 [注] such作定语时，它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词，这个不定冠词应放在Such之后，如上面第一例。
2)相当于名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(作主语)
The same can be said of the Other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语)
Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么，就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语)
His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语)

张文

[注]注意在same之前一般须用定冠词the。 疑问代词概说
"疑问代词有who(谁，主格)，whom(谁，宾格)，whose(谁的，所有格)，what(什么)和which(哪个，哪些)等。
疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中
疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中作为某一句子成分。如：
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天谁来跟我们讲话?(who作主语)
Who told you so?是谁告诉你的?(who作主语)
Whom are you talking about ?你们在说谁?(whom作宾语，但在句首时口语常用who代替whom)
Whose umbrella is this ?这是谁的伞?(whose作定语) What is that? 那是什么?(what作表语) What did he say?他说什么?(what作宾语)
Which is yours，the blue pen or the redone?蓝笔和红笔哪一支是你的?(which作主语)
[注一]关于疑问代词的各种用法，可参看77.70-77.72。
[注二]疑问代词who，what，which等后面加单词ever，可强调语气，表达说话人的各种感情。如：
What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?
Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找谁?
[注三]which表示在一定范围之内的选择，what则没有这种限制。如： What do you usually have for lunch?你们午饭通常吃些什么? Which do you like best?你最喜欢哪一个?
Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你们同志们中间谁是东北人?